4.2

• one of main causes of policy debates = rise of political parties
  • Hamilton = leader of Fed party - powerful + vigorous central gov, manufacturing interests
  • Jefferson = leader of Dem-Rep party - limited central gov, agrarianism (nation of self-sustaining farmers/yeomen)
• Jefferson won Election of 1800
  • “revolution” - power transferred peacefully between opposing parties
• fights over powers of fed gov
  • Dem-Reps worked to limit power - ex: abolished Whiskey Tax (caused Whiskey Rebellion), minimized military + reduced # of fed jobs
  • Louisiana Purchase (1803): Jefferson abandoned Dem-Rep values - access to MS River owned by French → lost against Haitians in rev, so too difficult to get to land → Jefferson saw as opportunity to gain navigation rights of MS River
    • Monroe went to France w/ $2 million, but Napoleon offered whole LA territory for $15 million → Monroe took deal
    • went against ideals of strict constructionism (can only do what is explicitly written in Constitution)
    • Jefferson eventually justified purchase by arguing it allowed them to push American Indians further W, reduced Euro influence in region
• LA Purchase → Corps of Discovery (Lewis + Clark)
• SCOTUS: John Marshall = 4th chief justice - did much to expand power of court
  • *Marbury v. Madison (*1803): before Congress went from Fed to Dem-Rep, passed Judiciary Act - created 16 new openings for fed judges → John Adams packed seats w/ Feds at end of his presidency - Midnight Judges
    • Madison came to power w/ Jefferson → decided not to deliver appointments → one judge argued he had a right to his commission → Marshall said Marbury had right to his commission, but ALSO that SC was the final interpreter of Constitution so had power to declare laws unconstitutional → declared Judiciary Act itself unconstitutional → Judicial Review - significantly increased power of SC
  • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): whether state had power to tax fed bank → Marshall declared no + that nat’l law trumps state law when they contradict → expansion of fed power
• policy battles over relationships w/ Euro powers - US paid N African state to protect their ships → Jefferson became president, rates rose → Jefferson refused to pay b/c objected to making payments at all → Barbury govs withdrew protection, pirates attacked US merchant ships → navy sent → reduced tribute payment agreed upon
• War of 1812: began b/c of 1) continued impressment of American citizens + 2) issues on frontier
  • discovered GB sending aid to American Indians attacking settlers → influence of group of Dem-Reps eager for war w/ GB to prove power (”war hawks”) → GB unwilling to give in to American demands → war declared
    • Feds opposed war - Hartford Convention: threatened to secede
  • America “won” (didn’t lose) > swelling of nat’l pride → made Feds values look like they no longer aligned w/ public → demise of Fed party

4.3

• nat’l vs. regional political interests
• War of 1812 → regional interests on display
  • showed glaring weaknesses - no nat’l bank = no reliable credit to raise funds; infrastructure + transpo = weak → Henry Clay’s American System
• American System
  • fed-funded internal improvements
  • fed tariffs to protect US manufacturers
  • Second Bank of US - nat’l currency
  • objected by Jefferson + Monroe b/c of regional interests - argued fed spending = overreach, would disadvantage S
• W expansion - began settling frontier in even greater numbers
  • 1819: Missouri applied for statehood - assumed it would enter as slave state but that would upset balance in Senate between slave + free states; Tallmadge Amendment: amendment to Missouri’s application to ban slavery after 25 years → enraged S Senators, threatened to secede
• Missouri Compromise/Compromise of 1820 (Henry Clay): let Missouri enter as slave state, would carve out new free state of Maine to maintain balance in Senate; established 36”30’ line as new boundary for slave + free states

4.4

• 1814: Treaty of Ghent ended War of 1812 but left things up in the air, esp w/ Canada → Monroe = president (1817), sent John Quincy Adams to London → treaty established border along 49th parallel, joint occupation of disputed Oregon Territory for 10 years
• Florida territory = SP - difficult to govern b/c sent troops to S America to squash rebellions → Seminoles, runaway slaves, poor white people crossing line + raiding US territory → Monroe sent Andrew Jackson (1817) + told him he wasn’t allowed to engage directly w/ SP forces to avoid conflict → Jackson did exact opposite → GB + SP enraged, but decided to forgive insult
  • SP could see US gunning for Florida → sold territory → Adams-Onis Treaty
• US gov wanted to continue limiting Euro influence
  • Many S American states threw off colonial power → Monroe recognized their independence, established diplomatic relations → Monroe Doctrine (1823) - W Hemisphere = US backyard, US business, no Euro interference ( = challenge to Euro influence in Americas)
• significant motivating power = trade
  • thriving trade relations w/ Mexico
  • US merchant ships carried goods across Pacific, robust trade in Chinese porcelains + silk
  • increased demand for US goods → Market Revolution

4.5