3.2

• French + Indian War (ORV one)
  • two sides = French (+ Indians) vs. GB
  • causes: smaller conflict in context of Seven Years’ War; British-American colonists encroaching on ORV —> VA sent George Washington to speak w/ French —> both sides laid claim to land, land went back + forth
    • territorial disputes = cause
  • Albany Congress met to discuss plan for fighting French + Indians; Benjamin Franklin introduced Albany Plan of Union (ultimately rejected b/c of taxes, but laid groundwork for later Revolutionary Congress)
  • French winning at first, GB implementing unpopular policies (impressment, quartering) —> King George opened peace negotiations, ended w/ Peace of Paris
    • PoP: SP ceded Florida to British, French ousted from N American continent, SP given control of lands W of MS river, all lands W granted to British
  • effects: colonists pushed westward into ORV —> intensified conflicts w/ Native Americans —> Pontiac’s Raids —> British Parliament established Proclamation Line (1763), colonists ignored it b/c thought they deserved it as spoils of war they had fought in
  • war = EXPENSIVE - GB in huge debt, $ of running colonies increased —> colonies taxed more

3.3

• Salutary neglect: British Parliament left day-to-day political decisions to colonies —> Navigation Acts ignored b/c weren’t enforced —> colonists believed they were more independent that GB believed
• England needed tighter grip on colonies to recover from F&I War —> plan for stricter enforcement of current laws, extent wartime provisions into peacetime, Quartering Act (1765) to maintain clampdown
  • Sugar Act
  • Stamp Act (1765) - tax on all paper items
  • Currency Act - made people especially angry b/c were increasing taxes while decreasing money supply
  • also declining wages + rise in unemployment
  • sparked debate over whether taxation w/out representation violated their natural rights
    • ideas rooted in Enlightenment
    • GB argued for virtual representation
    • rep by class vs. location
    • Sons + Daughters of Liberty, Vox Populi
      • esp in response to Stamp Act
  • Stamp Act Congress (1765) - goal = get Parliament to repeal Stamp Act
    • made petitions acknowledging they were the King’s loyal subjects
    • Parliament repealed acts, but then passed Declaratory Act
  • 1767: Townshend Acts, taxes on paper, tea, glas —> highly organized protests to boycott goods —> united colonists from all classes
• 1770: Boston Massacre - enraged colonists, judged as massive miscarriage of justice + proof of British tyranny
• 1773: Boston Tea Party
  • British response = Coercive Acts, passed another Quartering Act —> Intolerable Acts

3.4

• 1774: Continental Congress - all agreed needed to resist tyranny, but didn’t turn to revolution yet
• Locke: Two Treatises on Gov - consent of the governed, natural rights, self-rule
• Roussou: Social Contract
• Montesquieu: republican form of gov = best to preserve people's’ liberty; three branches w/ checks + balances
• Common Sense by Thomas Paine: everyday language + religion to argue for independence from GB —> got regular colonists to believe revolution = answer
  • lots of Enlightenment thought
• 1776: Second Continental Congress - Declaration of Independence (Jefferson)

3.5

• America should not have won b/c England = most powerful nation + America’s biggest trading partners
• Loyalists: opposed independence
  • resistance = hindrance
• George Washington = General of Continental Army
• war of attrition - keep battle going to tire out British
• British offered freedom to any enslaved person who fought for them —> Washington offered same