2.2

• French: interest came later, mostly wanted water route and not resources in N America
  • took later b/c distracted by Euro conflicts
  • 1602: first permanent French settlement = Quebec
  • much greater interest in trade than conquest (fish + fur), relatively few
  • mostly in trading settlements throughout N America
  • some married into Native families to have kinship ties to trading networks
• Dutch: also sought water-based passage
  • Henry Hudson didn’t find route, but claimed portion of country for Dutch
    • later became New Amsterdam
  • goal = mainly economic, New Amsterdam became trading hub
  • differed from SP: no interest in converting Natives, only interested in $
• British:
  • motivation = economics - English economy changed b/c of Columbian Exchange, wars w/ France, conquest of Ireland → sought new economic opportunities
  • peasants also suffering economically b/c of Enclosure Movement → wanted new economic opportunities + land
  • some wanted religious freedom, improved living conditions
  • family group to establish new homes (diff from French + Dutch)
  • no large empires to conquer → peacefully coexisted w/ Natives at first, but quickly turned sour when settlers further encroached on Native land
  • diff from SP: instead of subjugating Native pop, wanted to expel them

2.3

• Chesapeake colonies: first one
  • Jamestown (joint-stock company)
    • purpose = profit
    • struggled for food → famine + disease killed many quickly
    • saved by tobacco
    • labor done by indentured servants
    • demand for tobacco rose → needed more land → tension, conflict w/ Natives
    • Natives attacked colony, when settlers asked for help Governor refused to help them → Bacon’s Rebellion
    • Bacon’s Rebellion → fear of indentured servants → needed new labor
• NE colonies: settled by pilgrims → influx of Puritan settlers (Protestants unhappy w/ Church of England)
  • pilgrims came for economic reasons, not religious
  • largely in family groups, came to start society
  • life = rough at the beginning, but eventually able to establish thriving society based on agriculture + commerce
• British W Indies colonies:
  • tobacco = primary crop, but sugar became more popular
  • sugarcane = labor-intensive → spike in demand for enslaved African labor
  • harsh slave codes
• S Carolinas inspired by British W Indies → tried to replicate
• Middle Colonies:
  • NY + NJ: by sea, lots of rivers → export economy based on cereal crops
  • emerging elite class → society grew unequal
  • PA: founded by Pacifist, mostly negotiated deals w/ Natives to get land instead of stealing
• All colonies had unusually democratic practices
  • difficult for Britain to govern → left colonies to themselves → formed democratic models of self-governance
    • House of Burgesses
    • Mayflower Compact

2.4

• Trans-Atlantic Trade
• triangular trade: merchant ships followed three-part journey between Americas, England, Africa
  • Middle Passage
• mercantilism: assumed a fixed amt. of wealth in world existed (b/c measured in gold + silver) → main goal = maintain favorable balance of trade - more exports than imports
  • colonies gave mercantilist powers access to raw materials, could then become markets
  • British gov tried to weave empire together w/ colonies
    • Navigation Acts: required merchants to engage in trade w/ English colonies exclusively in English ships; valuable trade items had to go through English ports where could be taxes more
• fundamentally changed colonial societies - generated massive wealth for elites, transformed sea ports into thriving urban centers → Consumer Rev
  • affluent families bought more goods → one’s place in society not tied to family, but to financial success + refined lifestyle

2.5

• SP employed coercive + brutal measrues to convert Pueblos → Pueblo Revolt, purged SP
• SP vs. English:
  • SP conquered huge empires (ex: Aztec, Inca), enslaved everyone
  • English had no large labor force to enslave
    • family groups, especially in NE → not interested in marrying Natives
    • originally peaceful relations - traded tools, techniques → NE pop grew → needed land → encroached on Native land → Metacom’s War
• vs French: less invasive, saw Natives as trade partners, allies
  • often married into Native families to access trade
  • trading settlements
  • often allied w/ some groups to fight against others